100% aqueous, meets zero VOC criteria (EPA method 24, ASTM D-2359), air dries rapidly in minutes, similar to solvent systems. Can be brush, roller, dip or spray applied, after appropriate viscosity adjustment. Can be applied to previously rusted surfaces, provides proven, long-term bond to metals, ie outstanding adhesion odorless and can be topcoated with aqueous or solvent-borne paints, or self-top-coated. Primer has good outdoor weatherability without top coating  with excellent , and early water and chemical resistance. Environmentally friendly and non-flammable with rapid resistance to severe scuffing and abrasion. Protection is not based upon heavy metals, since it is pigment-free, settling or separation in dip tanks is negligible. 240 hours of salt-fog exposure, without top-coating: no flash rusting, even over heavily-rusted metals, no under-rusting at the cut-line, no spread at the cut-line, no rust spots below the paint and no blisters on the surface.